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To termites, any breach of the tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites detect a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to attract other soldiers for defence and to recruit additional workers to repair any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite lumps into other termites which induces them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which can be a means to recruit additional workers.56.
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae has a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that possess the capability to exude noxious fluids via a horn-like frontal projection they use for defence.155 Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the course of evolution and must be fed by workers.59 A wide variety of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids which nasutes secrete.156 Likewise, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.
Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis rupturing a huge gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, also engages in suicidal defence.
When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a cube which denies entry to any attacker.161.
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Employees use several different approaches to take care of their dead, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries a corpse in the colony to eliminate it elsewhere.165 Which strategy is utilized depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown chunks, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggsand in some circumstances the employees tend to them.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain particular species within Reticulitermes.
This chemical mimicry allows the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.
Some species of ant are known to catch termites to use as a brand new food origin after on, rather than killing them. For example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who attempt to escape are instantly captured and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis attack the outside of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.
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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites' frequent websites occurrence in their geographic range; another would be to shield https://innovativepestcontroladelaide.com.au/termite-treatment-adelaide/ themselves from flooding.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds but no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than the usual one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of termites reside inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and reside inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.
Mounds may also provide shelter and warmth to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.56.
Termites are known to carry pollen and frequently see flowers,177 so are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it is possibly the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
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Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept near the extract, they get disoriented and eventually perish.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of Get More Information three sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.